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The study presents data concerning vaccines registered in the EU that are used in the prevention and control of viral and bacterial infectious diseases of swine in Poland.
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Data are presented concerning vaccines used in the prophylaxis and control of some viral and bacterial infectious diseases of swine, particularly against: MPS, PRRS, PMWS CSF, AD, SI, E. coli, CL perfringens type C and A and oedema disease.
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In 2010, the Brazilian Ministry of Health organized a mass vaccination campaign of selected priority groups in response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. The campaign was conducted in six phases from March to July, 2010. Priori...
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In 2010, the Brazilian Ministry of Health organized a mass vaccination campaign of selected priority groups in response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. The campaign was conducted in six phases from March to July, 2010. Priority groups included healthcare professionals, indigenous persons, pregnant women, young children, persons with chronic illnesses and otherwise healthy adults 20-39 years of age. Over 89 million doses of pandemic influenza vaccines were administered, surpassing immunization targets among several priority groups, including healthcare professionals. We reviewed strategies used in Brazil to promote vaccination against pandemic influenza as well as factors external to the campaign that may have contributed to vaccine uptake among priority groups
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When vaccine supply is limited but population immunization urgent, the allocation of the available doses needs to be carefully considered. One aspect of dose allocation is the time interval between the first and the second injecti...
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When vaccine supply is limited but population immunization urgent, the allocation of the available doses needs to be carefully considered. One aspect of dose allocation is the time interval between the first and the second injections in two-dose vaccines. By stretching this interval, more individuals can be vaccinated with the first dose more quickly, which can be beneficial in reducing case numbers, provided a single dose is sufficiently effective. On the other hand, there has been concern that intermediate levels of immunity in partially vaccinated individuals may favour the evolution of vaccine escape mutants. In that case, a large fraction of half-vaccinated individuals would pose a risk-but only if they encounter the virus. This raises the question whether there is a conflict between reducing the burden and the risk of vaccine escape evolution or not. We develop an SIR-type model to assess the population-level effects of the timing of the second dose. Trade-offs can occur both if vaccine escape evolution is more likely or if it is less likely in half-vaccinated than in unvaccinated individuals. Their presence or absence depends on the efficacies for susceptibility and transmissibility elicited by a single dose.
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Vaccination is a key strategy for the control of various infectious diseases. Many pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Neisseria meningitidis produce on their surfaces dense and co...
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Vaccination is a key strategy for the control of various infectious diseases. Many pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Neisseria meningitidis produce on their surfaces dense and complex glycan structures, which represent an optimal target for eliciting carbohydrate specific antibodies able to confer protection against those bacteria. Glycoconjugates represent nowadays an important class of efficacious and safe commercial vaccines. It has been known for a long time that covalent linkage of poorly immunogenic carbohydrates to protein is fundamental to provide T cell epitopes for eliciting a memory response of the immune system against the saccharide. However, while the traditional mechanism of action of glycoconjugates has considered peptides generated from the carrier protein to be responsible of T cell help recruitment, only recently evidence of the active involvement of the carbohydrate part in determining the T cell help has been shown. In addition, zwitterionic polysaccharides have been proven to activate the adaptive immune system without further conjugation to protein. Progress in this interface area between chemistry and biology, in combination with novel synthetic and biosynthetic methods for the preparation of glycoconjugates, is opening new perspectives to clarify their mechanism of action and give new insights for the design of improved carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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We consider a deterministic discrete-time model of fire spread introduced by Hartnell [Firefighter! an application of domination, Presentation, in: 20th Conference on Numerical Mathematics and Computing, University of Manitoba in ...
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We consider a deterministic discrete-time model of fire spread introduced by Hartnell [Firefighter! an application of domination, Presentation, in: 20th Conference on Numerical Mathematics and Computing, University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, September 19951 and the problem of minimizing the number of burnt vertices when a fixed number of vertices can be defended by firefighters per time step. While only two firefighters per time step are needed in the two-dimensional lattice to contain any outbreak, we prove a conjecture of Wang and Moeller [Fire control on graphs, J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 41 (2002) 19-341 that 2d - I firefighters per time step are needed to contain a fire outbreak starting at a single vertex in the d-dimensional square lattice for d >= 3; we also prove that in the d-dimensional lattice, d >= 3, for each positive integer f there is some outbreak of fire such that f firefighters per time step are insufficient to contain the outbreak. We prove another conjecture of Wang and Moeller that the proportion of elements in the three-dimensional grid P-n x P-n x P-n which can be saved with one firefighter per time step when an outbreak starts at one vertex goes to 0 as n gets large. Finally, we use integer programming to prove results about the minimum number of time steps needed and minimum number of burnt vertices when containing a fire outbreak in the two-dimensional square lattice with two firefighters per time step. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Since 1995, many countries have been aiming to replace the natural immunity against varicella by a vaccine-induced immunity to protect against varicella and herpes zoster. While the frequency of varicella in childhood has been sig...
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Since 1995, many countries have been aiming to replace the natural immunity against varicella by a vaccine-induced immunity to protect against varicella and herpes zoster. While the frequency of varicella in childhood has been significantly reduced, in future, herpes zoster morbidity might increase in the elderly due to the weaker immunity post-vaccination and the absence of immunity boosting silent reinfections. In countries, where less than 90 % of children are covered by universal vaccination, varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection is not completely eradicated, but might move from childhood to the age of young adults who suffer from more serious complications. A special VZV vaccine against herpes zoster in adults aged >60 years has proven to be effective in many cases, but not all vaccinees. This might lead to problems regarding the acceptance of vaccination and delay rapid antiviral therapy to prevent the post-zosteric neuralgia. An efficacious-inactivated VZV vaccine to protect immunocompromised patients is still missing. VZV vaccines and vaccination strategies have to be optimised to avoid that the quality of life and cost savings from varicella reduction in childhood are offset by more VZV diseases in adults.
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摘要 :
Since 1995, many countries have been aiming to replace the natural immunity against varicella by a vaccine-induced immunity to protect against varicella and herpes zoster. While the frequency of varicella in childhood has been sig...
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Since 1995, many countries have been aiming to replace the natural immunity against varicella by a vaccine-induced immunity to protect against varicella and herpes zoster. While the frequency of varicella in childhood has been significantly reduced, in future, herpes zoster morbidity might increase in the elderly due to the weaker immunity post-vaccination and the absence of immunity boosting silent reinfections. In countries, where less than 90 % of children are covered by universal vaccination, varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection is not completely eradicated, but might move from childhood to the age of young adults who suffer from more serious complications. A special VZV vaccine against herpes zoster in adults aged >60 years has proven to be effective in many cases, but not all vaccinees. This might lead to problems regarding the acceptance of vaccination and delay rapid antiviral therapy to prevent the post-zosteric neuralgia. An efficacious-inactivated VZV vaccine to protect immunocompromised patients is still missing. VZV vaccines and vaccination strategies have to be optimised to avoid that the quality of life and cost savings from varicella reduction in childhood are offset by more VZV diseases in adults.
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Seasonal influenza is a serious public health concern, against which vaccination is one of the most effective ways to protect people. However, the effect of vaccination on containing influenza spread critically depends on the immu...
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Seasonal influenza is a serious public health concern, against which vaccination is one of the most effective ways to protect people. However, the effect of vaccination on containing influenza spread critically depends on the immunization programme adopted. Therefore, the problem of finding the optimal combination of vaccination strategies, with a view to decreasing the programme cost, enhancing vaccination efficiency, and improving societal benefits, is of great theoretical and practical importance. We develop a multiple criteria mathematical programming model to address the problem, analyze the model, and derive the structural properties of the optimal solution. Conducting extensive numerical studies to assess the merit of the model, we find that an integrated strategy embracing early-stage indiscriminate mass vaccination with late-stage targeted vaccination outperforms other strategies in cost and efficacy.
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Introduction: Vaccination in pregnancy is an effective method to protect against disease for the pregnant woman, foetus and new born infant. In England, it is recommended that pregnant women are vaccinated against pertussis and in...
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Introduction: Vaccination in pregnancy is an effective method to protect against disease for the pregnant woman, foetus and new born infant. In England, it is recommended that pregnant women are vaccinated against pertussis and influenza. Improvement in the uptake of both pertussis and influenza vaccination among pregnant women is needed to prevent morbidity and mortality for both the pregnant women and unborn child.
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